A new photographic book titled Gerrit Rietveld: Wealth of Sobriety celebrates the unique houses of Dutch architect and designer Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964) – and not just the Schröder House, but a hoard of others too that have been rediscovered. Photographer and publisher Arjan Bronkhorst embarked on two years of research, to visit, capture and compile photographs of these houses into this colourful tome of over 500 pages. Smart colour-blocked design comes courtesy of Haarlem-based studio Beukers Scholma.
The fantastically colourful Schröder House of 1924 in Utrecht was designed and built during a period of Bauhaus school activity, and around the time Le Corbusier built Villa La Roche in Paris. It is the bold modernist monument that people know Rietveld for the most – along with his famous Red Blue Chair, a 20th-century design staple. Famous across the world, it is the only Dutch house on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Rietveld’s very first house, it set the bar high.
Yet the Schröder house was just the beginning. ‘Like the Red Blue Chair, Rietveld viewed the house largely as an experiment,’ the book reads. ‘He called it “a study for the new”. He never repeated the experiment, but by his own admission all his later work was based on the ideas he first developed here’.
Bronkhorst’s project aimed to capture the depth and breath of Rietveld’s residential career – he had built almost a hundred houses in the Netherlands, and one largely undocumented – until now – in America. It was tough, but he narrowed down his focus to twenty case studies between 1924 to 1964, including the seminal Schröder house and the Parkhurst house in America of course.
What drove Bronkhorst was the urge to discover. ‘My book shows that it is possible to retrieve houses by Rietveld that hardly anybody knows,’ he explains. ‘In the case of Corbusier, Mies Van der Rohe or Frank Llloyd Wright such a thing would be unthinkable’.
While the recognisable De Stijl Colour palette was used for the experimental Schröder house, ‘in his post-war houses he tended to use the aesthetic qualities of building materials in a subtle way: simple bricks in various shades of brown, glazed bricks, often white, black or grey, B2 concrete blocks and glass bricks,’ writes Ida van Zijl, a Rietveld expert, in the introduction. Built in the Nieuwe Bouwen style, each house prioritised functionality, with colour and space organised to create a balance between the oppositions ‘safe and free, stimulating and calming’.
The intriguing sub-title to the book ‘Wealth of Sobriety’ references how Rietveld succeeded in making his modest houses feel spacious, by working carefully with colour and light. ‘We could make such progress if people would reject extravagance (…) and would find joy in the wealth of sobriety,’ Rietveld said in 1968.
Bronkhorst frames Rietveld’s flat, colourful house exteriors that rival Mondrian’s paintings in their leafy green surroundings. There are many modernist delicacies to consume, from the glass framed Hildebrand House that sits like a lantern in the tranquil landscape of Blaricum, to a flat little cottage with a sloping porch roof in Arnhem. A boxy pre-fab chauffeur’s apartment connected to an existing house in the suburbs of Utrecht presents an example of Rietveld refining his style, while a curved dark-green timber summer house with a thatched roof in the Loosdrecht Lakes shows his interest in combining vernacular styles with modernist values.
The interiors reveal more of Rietveld’s artistry – as well as organic staircases, complex conundrums of in-built storage systems and creative bathroom fittings, Bronkhorst holds a fascination with unique door handle details. He picks out the layered moments where bricks meet tiles, textured glass finds its frame, and where peeling paint hits raw material in brilliant contrast.
A rarely seen discovery is the Parkhurst house in Ohio, Rietveld’s only house outside the Netherlands. Bronkhorst found the house in ‘bad shape’ yet still delighted at the clear evidence of Rietveld’s hand – trademark stripes of red and yellow mark the exterior, while a black-painted steel spiral staircase connects a double height living room to the upper level. ‘Rietveld never visited the house, because he was banned from entering the country owing to his alleged communist sympathies,’ says Bronkhorst, who stayed in the house for two days during his research trip.
As well as his architecture, the book explores Rietveld’s life and character with both facts and anecdotes. A foreword written by the grandchildren of Gerrit Rietveld, Wim Rietveld and Martine Eskes, begins to build up the portrait, that gradually develops through his theories on architecture and his relationships with his clients. He comes across as a charismatic, creative and principled with a stubbornness that Ida describes as ‘amicable obstinacy’.
Yet one of Bronkhorst’s discoveries was that perhaps he wasn’t always a stubborn as he is sometimes described, and that the success of the design process was influenced by his social relationships with his clients: ‘Rietveld tended to attract intellectual clients such as artists, writers, musicians, professors and doctors, who were all interested in his avant-garde ideas and designs. It is likely that these clients influenced Rietveld’s designs to some extent. Take Van Dantzig House in Santpoort (1960) for example; you enter the house through a square concrete tunnel. Remarkable and unique among Rietveld’s houses, it turned out to be an idea devised by the client, Huug van Dantzig, himself.’
Interviews with current residents of the houses, some original clients who are now in their 80s and 90s, reveal intimate experiences of working directly with him, and what it’s like to live in a Rietveld house day to day. Their portraits also feature, as well as many traces of living – and decay too.
Working for the Hendrick the Keyser society – a Dutch organisation that preserves and maintains valued architectural and historical properties – for nearly ten years, Bronkhorst developed his eye for the ‘monumental interior’. Yet he has also developed another fascination along the way: ‘I am not only interested in the buildings themselves but also very much interested in the people that live in the works of architects. I introduced this way of working with my bestseller Grachtenhuizen (Amsterdam Canal Houses), in which I portrayed the people that live in the majestic canal mansions alongside Amsterdam’s ring of canals once built by members of the mighty 17th century VOC (Dutch East India Company).’ §
